Researchers at the University of Nottingham in the UK have developed a gel that can regenerate tooth enamel, offering what could be the first effective solution to enamel degradation, a condition long considered irreversible.
Inspired by the natural formation of enamel during infancy, the gel works by recruiting calcium and phosphate ions from saliva to trigger controlled mineralisation. According to the research team, it can be applied quickly and easily, in a similar way to standard fluoride treatments used by dentists.
Natural enamel has a unique structure that protects teeth from physical, chemical and thermal damage, but it is extremely difficult to replicate. The new material is based on amelogenin, a natural protein that plays a key role in enamel growth. When applied to dentine, the gel forms a thin yet robust layer that fills cracks and microscopic holes, acting as a scaffold for organised mineral growth at the nanoscale.
The researchers say the gel can regenerate demineralised or eroded enamel, strengthen healthy enamel and help prevent future decay. It can also be used on exposed dentine to reduce tooth sensitivity or improve the bonding of dental restorations.
Dr Abshar Hasan from the University of Nottingham said the regenerated enamel “behaves just like healthy enamel,” restoring the tooth’s natural architecture. The findings are based on laboratory tests of mechanical strength, as well as computer simulations of brushing, chewing and exposure to hot, cold and acidic foods.
Enamel degradation affects nearly half of the global population and contributes to tooth decay, infections and tooth loss. It has also been linked to broader health conditions, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Existing treatments, such as fluoride varnishes and remineralisation solutions, can only slow damage or relieve symptoms.
The new material is the result of 16 years of interdisciplinary research involving materials science, bioengineering, developmental biology and biomineralisation. The team worked closely with dental schools and clinics throughout development.
Professor Alvaro Mata, another member of the research team, said the technology was designed with both clinicians and patients in mind and is considered safe for people of all ages.
Commercial development will now be led by start-up company Mintech-Bio, which aims to release the first product in 2026. The researchers believe the technology’s scalability could also allow it to be adapted for other oral health products and future regenerative medical applications.
