Researchers at the University of Nottingham have developed a new gel material that may enable the repair and regeneration of dental enamel, offering a possible new approach to preventive and restorative treatment.
The study, conducted by scientists from the university’s school of pharmacy and department of chemical and environmental engineering, describes a bioinspired material designed to promote enamel regeneration, strengthen existing enamel, and help prevent future decay. The findings were published in Nature Communications.
Bioinspired design
The fluoride-free gel is based on protein structures that mimic those involved in the natural formation of enamel during tooth development. When applied to the tooth surface, the gel forms a thin, durable layer that penetrates enamel, filling small holes and cracks. It then acts as a scaffold to attract calcium and phosphate ions from saliva, facilitating a controlled process of mineral growth known as epitaxial mineralisation.
This process supports the organised integration of new mineral with the underlying tissue, helping restore both the structure and mechanical properties of natural enamel. The material can also be applied to exposed dentine, forming an enamel-like layer that could potentially reduce hypersensitivity or improve bonding for restorative procedures.
Addressing enamel loss
Enamel degradation is a common cause of dental disease, affecting a significant proportion of the global population. Since enamel does not naturally regenerate once lost, current treatments — such as fluoride varnishes and remineralisation solutions — primarily focus on symptom management rather than true tissue restoration.
According to Dr Abshar Hasan, postdoctoral fellow and lead author of the study, the material has demonstrated the ability to grow mineral crystals in an integrated and organised manner when applied to demineralised or eroded enamel. Laboratory testing under simulated conditions of brushing, chewing, and acidic exposure indicated that the regenerated layer performed comparably to natural enamel in mechanical behaviour.
Potential applications
Professor Alvaro Mata, chair in biomedical engineering and biomaterials and senior author of the study, noted that technology was designed with clinical practicality in mind. It is intended to be simple to apply — similar to standard fluoride treatments — and scalable for use in a variety of dental care products. The research team has established a start-up company, Mintech-Bio, to support the development and commercialisation of the material. Further studies and regulatory approvals will be required before clinical use, but the researchers aim to advance towards product development within the coming year.
