Glass ionomer cements (GIs) have become a staple in restorative dentistry due to their unique properties and wide range of clinical applications. First introduced in the 1970s, these materials are composed of fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder and polyalkenoic acid, forming a self-adhesive, fluoride-releasing restorative that continues to evolve with modern formulations., ,One of the defining characteristics of glass ionomers is their chemical adhesion to enamel and dentin, which reduces the need for extensive tooth preparation and helps preserve natural tooth structure. This makes them especially valuable in minimally invasive dentistry and pediatric applications. Their inherent fluoride release offers a secondary benefit by aiding in caries prevention, particularly in high-risk patients or those with compromised oral hygiene., ,While conventional GIs are relatively moisture tolerant and biocompatible, they do have limitations, particularly in terms of wear resistance and esthetics. However, resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGIs) have helped bridge the gap by incorporating resin components, which enhance strength, reduce setting time, and improve polishability. These hybrid materials have become popular in areas where durability and esthetics are both concerns—such as Class III and V restorations, sandwich techniques, and as liners or bases under composite restorations., ,Recent advances have led to high-viscosity GIs and encapsulated systems that offer improved handling and clinical performance. Some formulations now feature nano-fillers for added strength and smoother surface finishes, making them more versatile for permanent restorations in select cases., ,Glass ionomers continue to be a dependable material, especially in situations where fluoride release, chemical bonding, and moisture control are critical. As techniques and materials improve, their role in modern dentistry—especially in preventive and pediatric care—remains both relevant and promising.,
